{"id":1393,"date":"2013-09-09T01:06:00","date_gmt":"2013-09-08T19:36:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mohamediqbalp.wordpress.com\/?p=1377"},"modified":"2013-09-09T01:06:00","modified_gmt":"2013-09-08T19:36:00","slug":"islam-in-afghanistan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/venusimportexport.com\/wordpress\/index.php\/2013\/09\/09\/islam-in-afghanistan\/","title":{"rendered":"Islam in Afghanistan"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:17.90625px;\">Afghanistan has been in the news recently because of the War on Terror, Osama Bin Laden, Tribal wars and Opium production. But Afghanistan is a diverse country with a rich heritage. It is so much more than what has been seen in the news. It has gotten a very bad reputation for the events over the past ten years, but there are many things about it that people miss. Here are a few facts about that most people do not know and show the country deserves a second look.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"things\" style=\"font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:17.90625px;\">\n<div id=\"thing\" style=\"padding-top:5px;padding-bottom:10px;\">\n<div id=\"nr_art\" style=\"padding:5px 10px 5px 5px;float:left;font-size:20px;color:#3333ff;font-weight:bold;\">1<\/div>\n<p>Afghanistan has rich mineral deposits. Afghanistan is a country on top of billions of dollars of untapped minerals. Much of this is natural gas and petroleum, but it is also a place where other rich minerals are deposited. Lapis lazuli, a beautiful blue stone used to be mined exclusively in Afghanistan. Many of the most brilliant works of art that include rich blues are only in existence because this mineral was used to make the blue pigment<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"thing\" style=\"padding-top:5px;padding-bottom:10px;\">\n<div id=\"nr_art\" style=\"padding:5px 10px 5px 5px;float:left;font-size:20px;color:#3333ff;font-weight:bold;\">2<\/div>\n<p>There are over 30 different languages spoken in Afghanistan. Dari is spoken by fifty percent of the people in Afghanistan, however it is by no means the only language spoken. There are at least thirty minor languages spoken by the multitude of different cultures there. The second most popular language spoken in Afghanistan is Pashto at only 35 percent of the population.<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"thing\" style=\"padding-top:5px;padding-bottom:10px;\">\n<div id=\"nr_art\" style=\"padding:5px 10px 5px 5px;float:left;font-size:20px;color:#3333ff;font-weight:bold;\">3<\/div>\n<p>The Afghan culture is over 2000 years old. There are very few places in the world where the culture has been preserved for this long. Because of the nomadic and tribal culture different regions have different cultures making it one of the most diverse cultures in the world. Afghans have pride in their culture and hold festivals to celebrate it.<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"thing\" style=\"padding-top:5px;padding-bottom:10px;\">\n<div id=\"nr_art\" style=\"padding:5px 10px 5px 5px;float:left;font-size:20px;color:#3333ff;font-weight:bold;\">4<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:17.90625px;\">They play the same sports as everyone else. Many people have seen pictures of people in Afghanistan dragging a goat around for fun, but most people don&#8217;t know football (soccer) is a much more popular sport. The Afghan football team has been competing on the world stage since 1941. Other sports Afghans love include cricket, volleyball, basketball, and boxing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">Islam is the official\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"State religion\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_religion\">state religion<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Afghanistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Afghanistan\">Afghanistan<\/a>, with approximately 99.7% of the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Demographics of Afghanistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Demographics_of_Afghanistan\">Afghan population<\/a>\u00a0being\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Muslim\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muslim\">Muslim<\/a>. About 90-95% practice\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Sunni Islam\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sunni_Islam\">Sunni Islam<\/a>, belonging to the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Hanafi\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hanafi\">Hanafi<\/a>\u00a0Islamic law school, while 5-10% are\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Shi'a Islam in Afghanistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Afghanistan\">Shi&#8217;as<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-PRC_1-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;white-space:nowrap;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-PRC-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-PRCPDF_2-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;white-space:nowrap;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-PRCPDF-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-LoC_3-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;white-space:nowrap;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-LoC-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\" style=\"line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;white-space:nowrap;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Majority of the Afghan Shi&#8217;as belong to the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Twelver\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twelver\">Twelver<\/a>\u00a0branch and only a smaller number follow\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Ismailism\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ismailism\">Ismailism<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;padding:7px;font-size:12px;display:inline-block;zoom:1;font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\n<div id=\"toctitle\" style=\"direction:ltr;text-align:center;\">\n<h2 style=\"background-image:none;margin:0 0 .6em;overflow:hidden;padding:0;border:none;font-size:12px;display:inline;\">Contents<\/h2>\n<p>\u00a0<span class=\"toctoggle\" style=\"font-size:11.199999809265px;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:none;margin:.3em 0;padding:0;list-style-image:none;\">\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\" style=\"margin-bottom:.1em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#History\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">History<\/span><\/a>\n<ul style=\"line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:none;margin:0 0 0 2em;padding:0;list-style-image:none;\">\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-2\" style=\"margin-bottom:.1em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#Early_History\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">Early History<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-3\" style=\"margin-bottom:.1em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#Politicized_Islam\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.2<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">Politicized Islam<\/span><\/a>\n<ul style=\"line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:none;margin:0 0 0 2em;padding:0;list-style-image:none;\">\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-4\" style=\"margin-bottom:.1em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#Marxist_rule_and_Mujahideens\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.2.1<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">Marxist rule and Mujahideens<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-5\" style=\"margin-bottom:.1em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#Taliban\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.3<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">Taliban<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-6\" style=\"margin-bottom:.1em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#Islam_in_Afghan_society\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">Islam in Afghan society<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-7\" style=\"margin-bottom:.1em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#Shi.27a_Islam_in_Afghanistan\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">Shi&#8217;a Islam in Afghanistan<\/span><\/a>\n<ul style=\"line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:none;margin:0 0 0 2em;padding:0;list-style-image:none;\">\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-8\" style=\"margin-bottom:.1em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#Ismailism\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">Ismailism<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-9\" style=\"margin-bottom:.1em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#Ahmadiyya\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">Ahmadiyya<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-10\" style=\"margin-bottom:.1em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#Sufis\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">Sufis<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-11\" style=\"margin-bottom:.1em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#See_also\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">See also<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-12\" style=\"margin-bottom:.1em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">References<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-13\" style=\"margin-bottom:.1em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#External_links\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">External links<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"background-image:none;font-weight:normal;margin:0 0 .6em;overflow:hidden;padding-top:.5em;padding-bottom:.17em;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#aaaaaa;font-size:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939px;\"><span id=\"History\" class=\"mw-headline\">History<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"background-image:none;margin:0 0 .3em;overflow:hidden;padding-top:.5em;padding-bottom:.17em;border-bottom-style:none;font-size:16.799999237061px;font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939px;\"><span id=\"Early_History\" class=\"mw-headline\">Early History<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded\" style=\"font-size:small;font-weight:normal;margin-left:1em;vertical-align:baseline;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\" style=\"margin-left:-.25em;margin-right:.25em;color:#555555;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rellink relarticle mainarticle\" style=\"font-style:italic;padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:.5em;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">Main articles:\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Islamic conquest of Afghanistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamic_conquest_of_Afghanistan\">Islamic conquest of Afghanistan<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"History of Arabs in Afghanistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan\">History of Arabs in Afghanistan<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"float:left;clear:left;margin:.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0;width:auto;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"min-width:100px;border:1px solid #cccccc;background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:12px;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;padding:3px!important;width:172px;\"><a class=\"image\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Herat_Masjidi_Jami_courtyard.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" style=\"border:1px solid #cccccc;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/62\/Herat_Masjidi_Jami_courtyard.jpg\/170px-Herat_Masjidi_Jami_courtyard.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"109\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"border:none;line-height:1.4em;font-size:11.199999809265px;padding:3px!important;text-align:left;\">\n<div class=\"magnify\" style=\"margin-left:3px;border:none !important;background-image:none !important;float:right;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\"><a class=\"internal\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none !important;display:block;border:none !important;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\" title=\"Enlarge\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Herat_Masjidi_Jami_courtyard.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"border:none !important;vertical-align:middle;display:block;background-image:none !important;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\" src=\"http:\/\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.22wmf14\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p>Built during the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Ghurid Dynasty\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghurid_Dynasty\">Ghurids<\/a>\u00a0in the 12th century, the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Friday Mosque of Herat\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Friday_Mosque_of_Herat\">Friday Mosque of Herat<\/a>\u00a0is one of the oldest mosques in\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Afghanistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Afghanistan\">Afghanistan<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">During the 7th century, the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Umayyad Caliphate\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Umayyad_Caliphate\">Umayyad<\/a>\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Arab people\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arab_people\">Arabs<\/a>\u00a0entered modern-day Afghanistan after decisively defeating the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Sassanid Empire\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sassanid_Empire\">Sassanian<\/a>\u00a0Persians in\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Battle of Nihawand\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Nihawand\">Nihawand<\/a>. Following this colossal defeat, the last Sassanid Emperor,\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Yazdegerd III\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yazdegerd_III\">Yazdegerd III<\/a>, who became a hunted fugitive, fled eastward deep into\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Central Asia\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Asia\">Central Asia<\/a>. In pursuing Yazdegerd, the route the Arabs selected to enter the area was from north-eastern\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Iran\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iran\">Iran<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\" style=\"line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;white-space:nowrap;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0and thereafter into\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Herat\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herat\">Herat<\/a>, where they stationed a large portion of their army before advancing toward northern Afghanistan. The Arabs exerted considerable efforts toward propagating Islam amongst the locals.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">A large number of the inhabitants of northern Afghanistan accepted Islam through Umayyad missionary efforts, particularly under the reign of\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hisham_ibn_Abd_al-Malik\">Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Umar ibn AbdulAziz\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Umar_ibn_AbdulAziz\">Umar ibn AbdulAziz<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\" style=\"line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;white-space:nowrap;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0In south, Abdur Rahman bin Samara introduced Islam to the natives of\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Zabulistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zabulistan\">Zabulistan<\/a>\u00a0which was ruled by the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Zunbils\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zunbils\">Zunbils<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\" style=\"line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;white-space:nowrap;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.or\ng\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0At times, Muslim leaders in their effort to win converts encouraged attendance at Muslim prayer with promises of money and allowed the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Quran\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quran\">Quran<\/a>\u00a0to be recited in\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Persian language\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persian_language\">Persian<\/a>instead of Arabic so that it would be intelligible to all.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"clear:right;float:right;margin:.5em 0 1.3em 1.4em;width:auto;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"min-width:100px;border:1px solid #cccccc;background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:12px;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;padding:3px!important;width:172px;\"><a class=\"image\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:The_Surrender_of_Kandahar.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" style=\"border:1px solid #cccccc;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/52\/The_Surrender_of_Kandahar.jpg\/170px-The_Surrender_of_Kandahar.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"234\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"border:none;line-height:1.4em;font-size:11.199999809265px;padding:3px!important;text-align:left;\">\n<div class=\"magnify\" style=\"margin-left:3px;border:none !important;background-image:none !important;float:right;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\"><a class=\"internal\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none !important;display:block;border:none !important;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\" title=\"Enlarge\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:The_Surrender_of_Kandahar.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"border:none !important;vertical-align:middle;display:block;background-image:none !important;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\" src=\"http:\/\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.22wmf14\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p>A\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Miniature (illuminated manuscript)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)\">miniature<\/a>\u00a0from<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Padshahnama\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Padshahnama\">Padshahnama<\/a>\u00a0depicting the surrender of the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Shi'a Islam\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shi%27a_Islam\">Shi&#8217;a<\/a>\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Safavid dynasty\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Safavid_dynasty\">Safavid<\/a>\u00a0at<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Old Kandahar\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Old_Kandahar\">Kandahar<\/a>\u00a0in 1638 to the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Sunni Islam\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sunni_Islam\">Sunni<\/a><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Mughal Empire\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mughal_Empire\">Mughal<\/a>\u00a0army commanded by Kilij Khan.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">During the reign of\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Al-Mu'tasim\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-Mu%27tasim\">Al-Mu&#8217;tasim<\/a>\u00a0Islam was generally practiced amongst most inhabitants of the region and finally under\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ya%27qub-i_Laith_Saffari\">Ya&#8217;qub-i Laith Saffari<\/a>, Islam was by far, the predominant religion of\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Kabul\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kabul\">Kabul<\/a>\u00a0along with other major cities of Afghanistan. The father of\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Abu Hanifa\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abu_Hanifa\">Abu Hanifa<\/a>, Thabit bin Zuta, was a native from modern-day Afghanistan. He immigrated to\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Kufa\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kufa\">Kufa<\/a>\u00a0(in\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Iraq\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq\">Iraq<\/a>), where Hanifa was born. Later, the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Samanids\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samanids\">Samanids<\/a>\u00a0propagated\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Sunni Islam\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sunni_Islam\">Sunni Islam<\/a>\u00a0deep into the heart of Central Asia, as the first complete translation of the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Qur'an\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qur%27an\">Qur&#8217;an<\/a>\u00a0into\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Persian language\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persian_language\">Persian<\/a>\u00a0occurred in the 9th century. Since then, Islam has dominated the country&#8217;s religious landscape. Islamic leaders have entered the political sphere at various times of crisis, but rarely exercised secular authority for long.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">The remnants of a\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Kabul Shahi\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kabul_Shahi\">Shahi<\/a>\u00a0presence in\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Peshawar\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peshawar\">Peshawar<\/a>\u00a0were expelled by\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Mahmud of Ghazni\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mahmud_of_Ghazni\">Mahmud of Ghazni<\/a>\u00a0during 998 and 1030.<sup id=\"cite_ref-8\" class\n=\"reference\" style=\"line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;white-space:nowrap;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Ghaznavids\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghaznavids\">Ghaznavids<\/a>\u00a0were replaced by the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Ghurid Dynasty\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghurid_Dynasty\">Ghurid Dynasty<\/a>\u00a0who expanded the already powerful Islamic empire. Believed to be first built during the Ghurids in the 12th century, the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Friday Mosque of Herat\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Friday_Mosque_of_Herat\">Friday Mosque of Herat<\/a>\u00a0is one of the oldest mosques in the country. During this period, known as the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Islamic Golden Age\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamic_Golden_Age\">Islamic Golden Age<\/a>, Afghanistan became the second major learning center in the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Muslim world\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muslim_world\">Muslim world<\/a>\u00a0after\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Baghdad\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baghdad\">Baghdad<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\" style=\"line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;white-space:nowrap;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-JFS_10-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;white-space:nowrap;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-JFS-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">After the Mongol invasion and destruction, the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Timurids\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timurids\">Timurids<\/a>\u00a0rebuilt the area and once again made it a center of Islamic learning. Shia Islam made its way to southern Afghanistan during the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Safavid dynasty\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Safavid_dynasty\">Safavid rule<\/a>\u00a0in the 16th century. Until\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Mir Wais Hotak\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mir_Wais_Hotak\">Mir Wais Hotak<\/a>\u00a0liberated the Afghans in 1709, the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Old Kandahar\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Old_Kandahar\">Kandahar<\/a>\u00a0region of Afghanistan was often a battleground between the Shia Safavids and the Sunni\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Mughal Empire\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mughal_Empire\">Mughals<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"background-image:none;margin:0 0 .3em;overflow:hidden;padding-top:.5em;padding-bottom:.17em;border-bottom-style:none;font-size:16.799999237061px;font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939px;\"><span id=\"Politicized_Islam\" class=\"mw-headline\">Politicized Islam<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">Although\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Shariah\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shariah\">Shariah<\/a>\u00a0courts existed in urban centers after\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"List of monarchs of Afghanistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_monarchs_of_Afghanistan\">King<\/a>\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Ahmad Shah Durrani\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani\">Ahmad Shah Durrani<\/a>\u00a0established an Afghan state in 1747, the primary judicial basis for the society remained in the tribal code of the<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Pashtunwali\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pashtunwali\">Pashtunwali<\/a>\u00a0until the end of the nineteenth century. Sporadic\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Fatwa\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fatwa\">fatwas<\/a>\u00a0(formal legal opinions) were issued and occasional\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Jihad\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jihad\">jihads<\/a>\u00a0were called not so much to advance Islamic ideology as to sanction the actions of specific individuals against their political opponents so that power might be consolidated. Prior to the religious opposition generated by the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Soviet war in Afghanistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_war_in_Afghanistan\">Soviet invasion<\/a>\u00a0in 1979, Islamic leaders generally only entered the political sphere at various times of crisis but rarely exercised secular authority for long.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">The first systematic employment of Islam as an instrument for state-building was introduced by King\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Abdur Rahman Khan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abdur_Rahman_Khan\">Abdur Rahman Khan<\/a>\u00a0(1880\u20131901) during his drive toward centralization. He decreed that all laws must comply with Islamic law and thus elevated the Shariah over customary laws embodied in the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Pashtunwali\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pashtunwali\">Pashtunwali<\/a>. The ulama were enlisted to legitimize and sanction his state efforts as well as his central authority. This enhanced the religious community on the one hand, but as they were increasingly inducted into the bureaucracy as servants of the state, the religious leadership was ultimately weakened. Many economic privileges enjoyed by religious personalities<br \/>\nand institutions were restructured within the framework of the state, the propagation of learning, once the sole prerogative of the ulama, was closely supervised, and the Amir became the supreme arbiter of justice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"float:left;clear:left;margin:.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0;width:auto;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"min-width:100px;border:1px solid #cccccc;background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:12px;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;padding:3px!important;width:272px;\"><a class=\"image\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Men_praying_in_Afghanistan.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" style=\"border:1px solid #cccccc;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c4\/Men_praying_in_Afghanistan.jpg\/270px-Men_praying_in_Afghanistan.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"270\" height=\"175\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"border:none;line-height:1.4em;font-size:11.199999809265px;padding:3px!important;text-align:left;\">\n<div class=\"magnify\" style=\"margin-left:3px;border:none !important;background-image:none !important;float:right;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\"><a class=\"internal\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none !important;display:block;border:none !important;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\" title=\"Enlarge\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Men_praying_in_Afghanistan.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"border:none !important;vertical-align:middle;display:block;background-image:none !important;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\" src=\"http:\/\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.22wmf14\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p>Men\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Salah\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salah\">praying<\/a>\u00a0at the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Shrine of Hazrat Ali\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shrine_of_Hazrat_Ali\">Blue Mosque<\/a>\u00a0(or Shrine of Hazrat Ali) in the northern Afghan city of\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Mazar-i-Sharif\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mazar-i-Sharif\">Mazar-i-Sharif<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">His successors continued and expanded King Abdur Rahman Khan&#8217;s policies as they increased the momentum of secularization. Islam remained central to interactions, but the religious establishment remained essentially non-political, functioning as a moral rather than a political influence. Nevertheless, Islam asserted itself in times of national crisis. And, when the religious leadership considered themselves severely threatened, charismatic religious personalities periodically employed Islam to rally disparate groups in opposition to the state. They rose up on several occasions against King\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Amanullah Shah\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amanullah_Shah\">Amanullah Shah<\/a>\u00a0(1919\u20131929), for example, in protest against reforms they believed to be western intrusions inimical to Islam.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">Subsequent rulers, mindful of traditional attitudes antithetical to secularization were careful to underline the compatibility of Islam with modernization. Even so, and despite its pivotal position within the society which continued to draw no distinction between religion and state, the role of religion in state affairs continued to decline.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"clear:right;float:right;margin:.5em 0 1.3em 1.4em;width:auto;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"min-width:100px;border:1px solid #cccccc;background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:12px;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;padding:3px!important;width:222px;\"><a class=\"image\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Lashkargah_Mosque.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" style=\"border:1px solid #cccccc;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/d\/db\/Lashkargah_Mosque.jpg\/220px-Lashkargah_Mosque.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"151\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"border:none;line-height:1.4em;font-size:11.199999809265px;padding:3px!important;text-align:left;\">\n<div class=\"magnify\" style=\"margin-left:3px;border:none !important;background-image:none !important;float:right;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\"><a class=\"internal\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none !important;display:block;border:none !important;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\" title=\"Enlarge\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Lashkargah_Mosque.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"border:none !important;vertical-align:middle;display:block;background-image:none !important;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\" src=\"http:\/\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.22wmf14\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p>A mosque in\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Lashkar Gah\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lashkar_Gah\">Lashkar Gah<\/a>, in the south of the country<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">The 1931\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Constitution\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution\">Constitution<\/a>\u00a0made the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Hanafi\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hanafi\">Hanafi<\/a>\u00a0Shariah the state religion, while the 1964 Constitution simply prescribed that the state should conduct its religious ritual according to the Hanafi School. The 1977 Constitution, declared Islam the religion of Afghanistan, but made no mention that the state ritual should be Hanafi. The\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Penal Code\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Penal_Code\">Penal Code<\/a>\u00a0(1976) and\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Civil law (legal system)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civil_law_(legal_system)\">civil law<\/a>\u00a0(1977), covering the entire field of social justice, represent major attempts to cope with elements of secular law, based on, but superseded by other systems. Courts, for instance, were enjoined to consider cases first according to secular law, resorting to the BCShariah in areas where secular law did not exist. By 1978, the government of the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"tex\nt-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peoples_Democratic_Party_of_Afghanistan\">Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan<\/a>\u00a0(PDPA) openly expressed its aversion to the religious establishment. This precipitated the fledgling\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Islamist\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamist\">Islamist<\/a>\u00a0Movement into a national revolt; Islam moved from its passive stance on the periphery to play an active role.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">Politicized Islam in Afghanistan represents a break from Afghan traditions. The\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Islamist\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamist\">Islamist<\/a>\u00a0Movement originated in 1958 among faculties of\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Kabul University\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kabul_University\">Kabul University<\/a>, particularly within the Faculty of Islamic Law which had been formed in 1952 with the announced purpose of raising the quality of religious teaching to accommodate modern science and technology. The founders were largely professors influenced by the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Egypt\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Egypt\">Egyptian<\/a>\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Muslim Brotherhood\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muslim_Brotherhood\">Muslim Brotherhood<\/a>, a party formed in the 1930s that was dedicated to Islamic revivalism and social, economic, and political equity. Their objective is to come to terms with the modern world through the development of a political ideology based on Islam. The Afghan leaders, while indebted to many of these concepts, did not forge strong ties to similar movements in other countries.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">The liberalization of government attitudes following the passage of the 1964 Constitution ushered in a period of intense activism among students at Kabul University. Professors and their students set up the Muslim Youth Organization (Sazmani Jawanani Musulman) in the mid-1960s at the same time that the leftists were also forming many parties. Initially\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Communist\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Communist\">communist<\/a>\u00a0students outnumbered the Muslim students, but by 1970 the Muslim Youth had gained a majority in student elections. Their membership was recruited from university faculties and from secondary schools in several cities such as\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Mazari Sharif\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mazari_Sharif\">Mazari Sharif<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Herat\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herat\">Herat<\/a>. These professors and students became the leaders of the Afghan Resistance in the 1980s.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"background-image:none;margin:0 0 .3em;overflow:hidden;padding-top:.5em;padding-bottom:.17em;border-bottom-style:none;font-size:15.199999809265px;font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939px;\"><span id=\"Marxist_rule_and_Mujahideens\" class=\"mw-headline\">Marxist rule and Mujahideens<\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">The\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Soviet war in Afghanistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_war_in_Afghanistan\">1979 Soviet invasion<\/a>\u00a0in support of a communist government triggered a major intervention of religion into Afghan political conflict, and Islam united the multiethnic political opposition. With the takeover of government by the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Democratic_Party_of_Afghanistan\">PDPA<\/a>\u00a0in April 1978, Islam had already become central to uniting the opposition against the communist ideology of the new rulers. As a politico-religious system, Islam is well-suited to the needs of a diverse, unorganized, often mutually antagonistic citizenry wishing to forge a united front against a common enemy; and war permitted various groups within the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Mujahidin\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mujahidin\">mujahidin<\/a>\u00a0to put into effect competing concepts of organization.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"clear:right;float:right;margin:.5em 0 1.3em 1.4em;width:auto;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"min-width:100px;border:1px solid #cccccc;background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:12px;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;padding:3px!important;width:222px;\"><a class=\"image\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mujahideen_prayer_in_Shultan_Valley_Kunar,_1987.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" style=\"border:1px solid #cccccc;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/99\/Mujahideen_prayer_in_Shultan_Valley_Kunar%2C_1987.jpg\/220px-Mujahideen_prayer_in_Shultan_Valley_Kunar%2C_1987.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"120\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"border:none;line-height:1.4em;font-size:11.199999809265px;padding:3px!important;text-align:left;\">\n<div class=\"magnify\" style=\"margin-left:3px;border:none !important;background-image:none !important;float:right;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\"><a class=\"internal\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none !important;display:block;border:none !important;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\" title=\"Enlarge\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mujahideen_prayer_in_Shultan_Valley_Kunar,_1987.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"border:none !important;vertical-align:middle;display:block;background-image:none !important;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\" src=\"http:\/\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.22wmf14\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Mujahideen\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mujahideen\">Mujahideen<\/a>\u00a0praying in\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Kunar Province\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wi\nki\/Kunar_Province\">Kunar Province<\/a>during the 1980s\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Soviet war in Afghanistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_war_in_Afghanistan\">Soviet war in Afghanistan<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">The mujahidin leaders were charismatic figures with dyadic ties to followers. In many cases military and political leaders replaced the tribal leadership; at times the religious leadership was strengthened; often the religious combined with the political leadership. Followers selected their local leaders on the basis of personal choice and precedence among regions, sects, ethnic groups or tribes, but the major leaders rose to prominence through their ties to outsiders who controlled the resources of money and arms.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">With the support of foreign aid, the mujahidin were ultimately successful in their jihad to drive out the Soviet forces, but not in their attempts to construct a political alternative to govern Afghanistan after their victory. Throughout the war, the mujahidin were never fully able to replace traditional structures with a modern political system based on Islam. Most mujahidin commanders either used traditional patterns of power, becoming the new khans, or sought to adapt modern political structures to the traditional society. In time the prominent leaders accumulated wealth and power and, in contrast to the past, wealth became a determining factor in the delineation of power at all levels.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">With the departure of foreign troops and the long sought demise of Kabul&#8217;s leftist government, The\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Islamic State of Afghanistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan\">Islamic State of Afghanistan<\/a>\u00a0finally came into being in April 1992. This represented a distinct break with Afghan history, for religious specialists had never before exercised state power. But the new government failed to establish its legitimacy and, as much of its financial support dissipated, local and middle range commanders and their militia not only fought among themselves but resorted to a host of unacceptable practices in their protracted scrambles for power and profit. Throughout the nation the populous suffered from harassment, extortion, kidnapping, burglary, hijacking and acts dishonoring women.\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Drug trafficking\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_trafficking\">Drug trafficking<\/a>\u00a0increased alarmingly; nowhere were the highways safe. The mujahidin had forfeited the trust they once enjoyed.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"background-image:none;margin:0 0 .3em;overflow:hidden;padding-top:.5em;padding-bottom:.17em;border-bottom-style:none;font-size:16.799999237061px;font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939px;\"><span id=\"Taliban\" class=\"mw-headline\">Taliban<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rellink\" style=\"font-style:italic;padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:.5em;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">Further information:\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan\">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"clear:right;float:right;margin:.5em 0 1.3em 1.4em;width:auto;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"min-width:100px;border:1px solid #cccccc;background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:12px;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;padding:3px!important;width:222px;\"><a class=\"image\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mosque_in_Kandahar.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" style=\"border:1px solid #cccccc;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e8\/Mosque_in_Kandahar.jpg\/220px-Mosque_in_Kandahar.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"border:none;line-height:1.4em;font-size:11.199999809265px;padding:3px!important;text-align:left;\">\n<div class=\"magnify\" style=\"margin-left:3px;border:none !important;background-image:none !important;float:right;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\"><a class=\"internal\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none !important;display:block;border:none !important;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\" title=\"Enlarge\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mosque_in_Kandahar.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"border:none !important;vertical-align:middle;display:block;background-image:none !important;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\" src=\"http:\/\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.22wmf14\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p>The Friday Mosque in\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Kandahar\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kandahar\">Kandahar<\/a>. Adjacent to it is the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Shrine of the Cloak\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shrine_of_the_Cloak\">Shrine of the Cloak<\/a>and the tomb of\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Ahmad Shah Durrani\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani\">Ahmad Shah Durrani<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">In the fall of 1994 a group called the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Taliban\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taliban\">Taliban<\/a>\u00a0came forth vowing to cleanse the nation of warlords and criminals. Their intention was to create in a &#8220;pure&#8221; Islamic government subject to their own strict interpretations of the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Shariah\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shariah\">Shariah<\/a>. Many of its leaders were one-time mujahidin, but the bulk of their forces were young\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Afghan refugees\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Afghan_refugees\">Afghan refugees<\/a>\u00a0trained in\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Pakistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pakistan\">Pakistani<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Madrassa\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Madrassa\">madrassas<\/a>\u00a0(religious schools), especially those run b<br \/>\ny the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Islam\">Jamiat-e Ulema-e Islam Pakistan<\/a>, the aggressively conservative Pakistani political religious party headed by\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fazal-ur-Rehman_(politician)\">Maulana Fazlur Rahman<\/a>, arch rival of\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Qazi Hussain Ahmad\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad\">Qazi Hussain Ahmad<\/a>, leader of the equally conservative\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan\">Jamaat-e-Islami<\/a>\u00a0and longtime supporter of the mujahidin.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">Headquartered in\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Kandahar\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kandahar\">Kandahar<\/a>, mostly\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Pashtun people\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pashtun_people\">Pashtuns<\/a>\u00a0from the rural areas, and from the top leadership down to the fighting militia characteristically in their thirties or forties and even younger, the Taliban swept the country. In September 1996 they captured Kabul and ruled over two-thirds of Afghanistan.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">The meteoric take over went almost unchallenged. Arms were collected and security was established. At the same time, acts committed for the purpose of enforcing the Shariah included public executions of murderers,\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Stoning\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stoning\">stoning<\/a>\u00a0for adultery, amputation for theft, a ban on all forms of gambling such as\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Kite flying\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kite_flying\">kite flying<\/a>,\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Chess\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chess\">chess<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Cockfighting\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cockfighting\">cockfights<\/a>, prohibition of music and videos, proscriptions against pictures of humans and animals, and an embargo on women&#8217;s voices over the radio. Women were to remain as invisible as possible, behind the veil, in purdah in their homes, and dismissed from work or study outside their homes.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"background-image:none;font-weight:normal;margin:0 0 .6em;overflow:hidden;padding-top:.5em;padding-bottom:.17em;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#aaaaaa;font-size:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939px;\"><span id=\"Islam_in_Afghan_society\" class=\"mw-headline\">Islam in Afghan society<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded\" style=\"font-size:small;margin-left:1em;vertical-align:baseline;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\" style=\"margin-left:-.25em;margin-right:.25em;color:#555555;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">For Afghans, Islam represents a potentially unifying symbolic system which offsets the divisiveness that frequently rises from the existence of a deep pride in tribal loyalties and an abounding sense of personal and family honor found in multitribal and multiethnic societies such as Afghanistan.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"clear:right;float:right;margin:.5em 0 1.3em 1.4em;width:auto;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"min-width:100px;border:1px solid #cccccc;background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:12px;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;padding:3px!important;width:252px;\"><a class=\"image\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Afghan_men_praying_in_Kunar-2009.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" style=\"border:1px solid #cccccc;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0e\/Afghan_men_praying_in_Kunar-2009.jpg\/250px-Afghan_men_praying_in_Kunar-2009.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"167\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"border:none;line-height:1.4em;font-size:11.199999809265px;padding:3px!important;text-align:left;\">\n<div class=\"magnify\" style=\"margin-left:3px;border:none !important;background-image:none !important;float:right;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\"><a class=\"internal\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none !important;display:block;border:none !important;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\" title=\"Enlarge\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Afghan_men_praying_in_Kunar-2009.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"border:none !important;vertical-align:middle;display:block;background-image:none !important;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\" src=\"http:\/\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.22wmf14\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p>Afghans conducting their afternoon prayer in Kunar Province (December 2009).<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">Islam is a central, pervasive influence throughout Afghan society; religious observances punctuate the rhythm of each day and season. In addition to a central\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Congregational mosque\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congregational_mosque\">congregational mosque<\/a>\u00a0for weekly communal prayers which are not obligatory but generally attended, smaller community-maintained mosques stand at the center of villages, as well as town and city neighborhoods.<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Mosque\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mosque\">Mosques<\/a>\u00a0serve not only as places of worship, but for a multitude of functions, including shelter for guests, places to meet and gossip, the focus of social religious festivities and schools. Almost every Afghan has at one time during his youth studied at a mosque school; for many this is the only formal education they receive.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">Because Islam is a total way of life and functions as a comprehensive code of social behavior regulating all human relationships, individual and family status depends on the proper observance of the society&#8217;s value system based on concepts defined in Islam. These are characterized by\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Honesty\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Honesty\">honesty<\/a>, frugality,\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Generosity\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Generosity\">generosity<\/a>, virtuousness, piousness, fairness, truthfulness, tolerance and respect for others. To uphold family honor, elders also control the behavior of their children according to these same Islamic prescriptions. At times, even competitive relations between tribal or ethnic groups are expressed in terms claiming religious superiority. In short, Islam structures day-to-day interactions of all members of the community.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"float:left;clear:left;margin:.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0;width:auto;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"min-width:100px;border:1px solid #cccccc;background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:12px;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;padding:3px!important;width:152px;\"><a class=\"image\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Men_praying_at_Babur_Gardens_in_2010.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" style=\"border:1px solid #cccccc;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/67\/Men_praying_at_Babur_Gardens_in_2010.jpg\/150px-Men_praying_at_Babur_Gardens_in_2010.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"226\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"border:none;line-height:1.4em;font-size:11.199999809265px;padding:3px!important;text-align:left;\">\n<div class=\"magnify\" style=\"margin-left:3px;border:none !important;background-image:none !important;float:right;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\"><a class=\"internal\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none !important;display:block;border:none !important;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\" title=\"Enlarge\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Men_praying_at_Babur_Gardens_in_2010.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"border:none !important;vertical-align:middle;display:block;background-image:none !important;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\" src=\"http:\/\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.22wmf14\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p>Men\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Salah\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salah\">praying<\/a>\u00a0inside the<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Bagh-e Babur\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bagh-e_Babur\">Gardens of Babur<\/a>\u00a0in Kabul.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">The religious establishment consists of several levels. Any Muslim can lead informal groups in prayer.\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Mullah\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mullah\">Mullahs<\/a>\u00a0who officiate at mosques are normally appointed by the government after consultation with their communities and, although partially financed by the government, mullahs are largely dependent for their livelihood on community contributions including shelter and a portion of the harvest. Supposedly versed in the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial in\nitial;\" title=\"Qur'an\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qur%27an\">Qur&#8217;an<\/a>,\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Sunnah\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sunnah\">Sunnah<\/a>,\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Hadith\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hadith\">Hadith<\/a>\u00a0and<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Shariah\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shariah\">Shariah<\/a>, they must ensure that their communities are knowledgeable in the fundamentals of Islamic ritual and behavior. This qualifies them to arbitrate disputes over religious interpretation. Often they function as paid teachers responsible for religious education classes held in mosques where children learn basic moral values and correct ritual practices. Their role has additional social aspects for they officiate on the occasion of life crisis rituals associated with births, marriages and deaths.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"clear:right;float:right;margin:.5em 0 1.3em 1.4em;width:auto;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"min-width:100px;border:1px solid #cccccc;background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:12px;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;padding:3px!important;width:252px;\"><a class=\"image\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Muslim_men_praying_in_Afghanistan-2010.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" style=\"border:1px solid #cccccc;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/58\/Muslim_men_praying_in_Afghanistan-2010.jpg\/250px-Muslim_men_praying_in_Afghanistan-2010.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"166\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"border:none;line-height:1.4em;font-size:11.199999809265px;padding:3px!important;text-align:left;\">\n<div class=\"magnify\" style=\"margin-left:3px;border:none !important;background-image:none !important;float:right;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\"><a class=\"internal\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none !important;display:block;border:none !important;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\" title=\"Enlarge\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Muslim_men_praying_in_Afghanistan-2010.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"border:none !important;vertical-align:middle;display:block;background-image:none !important;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\" src=\"http:\/\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.22wmf14\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Politics of Afghanistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Politics_of_Afghanistan\">Afghan politicians<\/a>\u00a0and foreign diplomats praying at the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Embassy of the United States, Kabul\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Kabul\">U.S. Embassy in Kabul<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">But rural mullahs are not part of an institutionalized hierarchy of clergy. Most are part-time mullahs working also as farmers or craftsmen. Some are barely literate, or only slightly more educated than the people they serve. Often, but by no means always, they are men of minimal wealth and, because they depend for their livelihood on the community that appoints them, they have little authority even within their own social boundaries. They are often treated with scant respect and are the butt of a vast body of jokes making fun of their arrogance and ignorance. Yet their role as religious arbiters forces them to take positions on issues that have political ramifications and since mullahs often disagree with one another, pitting one community against the other, they are frequently perceived as disruptive elements within their communities.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">Veneration of saints and shrines is opposed by some Islamic groups, particularly those ascribing to the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Salafi\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salafi\">Salafi<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Ahle Hadith\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ahle_Hadith\">Ahle Hadith<\/a>\u00a0methodology. Nevertheless, Afghanistan&#8217;s landscape is liberally strewn with shrines honoring saints of all descriptions. Many of Afghanistan&#8217;s oldest villages and towns grew up around shrines of considerable antiquity. Some are used as sanctuaries by fugitives.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">Shrines vary in form from simple mounds of earth or stones marked by pennants to lavishly ornamented complexes surrounding a central domed tomb. These large establishments are controlled by prominent religious and secular leaders. Shrines may mark the final resting place of a fallen hero (shahid), a venerated religious teacher, a renowned Sufi poet, or relics, such as a hair of the Prophet\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Muhammad\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muhammad\">Muhammad<\/a>\u00a0or a piece of his cloak (khirqah). A great many commemorate legends about the miraculous exploits of\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Ali ibn Abi Talib\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib\">Ali ibn Abi Talib<\/a>, the fourth\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Caliph\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caliph\">caliph<\/a>\u00a0and the first Imam of Shi&#8217;a Islam believed to be buried at the nation&#8217;s most elaborate shrine located in the heart of Mazari Sharif, the Exalted Shrine. Hazrat Ali is revered throughout Afghanistan for his role as an intermediary in the face of tyranny.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">Festive annual fairs celebrated at shrines attract thousands of pilgrims and bring together all sections of communities. Pilgrims also visit shrines to seek the intercession of the saint for special favors, be it a cure for illness or the birth of a son. Women are particularly devoted to activities associated with shrines. These visits may be short or last several days and many pilgrims carry away specially blessed curative and protective\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Amulets\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amulets\">amulets<\/a>\u00a0(usually a\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Tawiz\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedi\na.org\/wiki\/Tawiz\">tawiz<\/a>) to ward off the evil eye, assure loving relationships between husbands and wives and many other forms of solace. It should be noted however, that like saint veneration, such practices are generally not encouraged in Islam.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"background-image:none;font-weight:normal;margin:0 0 .6em;overflow:hidden;padding-top:.5em;padding-bottom:.17em;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#aaaaaa;font-size:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939px;\"><span id=\"Shi.27a_Islam_in_Afghanistan\" class=\"mw-headline\">Shi&#8217;a Islam in Afghanistan<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rellink relarticle mainarticle\" style=\"font-style:italic;padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:.5em;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">Main article:\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Shi'a Islam in Afghanistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Afghanistan\">Shi&#8217;a Islam in Afghanistan<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"clear:right;float:right;margin:.5em 0 1.3em 1.4em;width:auto;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"min-width:100px;border:1px solid #cccccc;background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:12px;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;padding:3px!important;width:222px;\"><a class=\"image\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Blue_mosaic,_Kabul.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" style=\"border:1px solid #cccccc;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1c\/Blue_mosaic%2C_Kabul.jpg\/220px-Blue_mosaic%2C_Kabul.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"border:none;line-height:1.4em;font-size:11.199999809265px;padding:3px!important;text-align:left;\">\n<div class=\"magnify\" style=\"margin-left:3px;border:none !important;background-image:none !important;float:right;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\"><a class=\"internal\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none !important;display:block;border:none !important;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\" title=\"Enlarge\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Blue_mosaic,_Kabul.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"border:none !important;vertical-align:middle;display:block;background-image:none !important;background-position:initial initial !important;background-repeat:initial initial !important;\" src=\"http:\/\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.22wmf14\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p><a class=\"new\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#a55858;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Abu Fazl Mosque (page does not exist)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Abu_Fazl_Mosque&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Abu Fazl Mosque<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Kabul\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kabul\">Kabul<\/a>\u00a0during construction in 2008, which is the largest<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Shi'a Islam in Afghanistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Afghanistan\">Shi&#8217;a<\/a>\u00a0mosque in Afghanistan.<sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\" style=\"line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;white-space:nowrap;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">About 5-10% of the Afghan population practice\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Shi'a Islam in Afghanistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Afghanistan\">Shi&#8217;a Islam<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-PRC_1-1\" class=\"reference\" style=\"line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;white-space:nowrap;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-PRC-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-PRCPDF_2-1\" class=\"reference\" style=\"line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;white-space:nowrap;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-PRCPDF-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-LoC_3-1\" class=\"reference\" style=\"line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;white-space:nowrap;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-LoC-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The most numerous Shi&#8217;a sect in Afghanistan is the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Twelver\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twelver\">Twelver<\/a>\u00a0Shi&#8217;a, who are mostly of the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Hazara people\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hazara_people\">Hazara<\/a>\u00a0ethnic group living in the<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Hazarajat\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hazarajat\">Hazarajat<\/a>\u00a0of central Afghanistan, and the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Farsiwan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Farsiwan\">Farsiwan<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Herat Province\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herat_Province\">Herat Province<\/a>. Mixtures occur in certain areas such as\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Bamyan Province\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bamyan_Province\">Bamyan Province<\/a>\u00a0where Sunni, Twelver and Ismaili may be found. Twelver Shi&#8217;a are also found in urban centers such as\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Kabul\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kabul\">Kabul<\/a>,\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Kandahar\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kandahar\">Kandahar<\/a>,\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Ghazni\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghazni\">Ghazni<\/a>, and\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Mazar-i-Sharif\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mazar-i-Sharif\">Mazar-i-Sharif<\/a>\u00a0where numbers of\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;b\nackground-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Qizilbash\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qizilbash\">Qizilbash<\/a>\u00a0and Hazara reside. Urban Shi&#8217;a are successful small business entrepreneurs; many gained from the development of education that began in the 1950s.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">The political involvement of Shi&#8217;a communities grew dramatically during the politicized era during and following the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Soviet Union\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\">Soviet<\/a>\u00a0invasion. Politically aware Shi&#8217;a students formed the hard core of the Afghan\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Maoist\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maoist\">Maoist<\/a>\u00a0movement of the 1960s and early 1970s. After 1978, Shi&#8217;a mujahidin groups in the Hazarajat, although frequently at odds with one another, were active in the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Jihad\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jihad\">jihad<\/a>\u00a0and subsequently in the fighting for the control of\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Kabul\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kabul\">Kabul<\/a>. During the political maneuvering leading up to the establishment of The Islamic State of Afghanistan in 1992, the Shi&#8217;a groups unsuccessfully negotiated for more equitable, consequential political and social roles.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"background-image:none;margin:0 0 .3em;overflow:hidden;padding-top:.5em;padding-bottom:.17em;border-bottom-style:none;font-size:16.799999237061px;font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939px;\"><span id=\"Ismailism\" class=\"mw-headline\">Ismailism<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rellink\" style=\"font-style:italic;padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:.5em;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">Further information:\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Ismailism\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ismailism\">Ismailism<\/a><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">The\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Ismaili\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ismaili\">Ismaili<\/a>\u00a0Shi&#8217;a accepted\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Ismail ibn Jafar\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ismail_ibn_Jafar\">Ismail ibn Jafar<\/a>\u00a0instead of\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Musa al-Kadhim\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Musa_al-Kadhim\">Musa al-Kadhim<\/a>\u00a0as the successor to Imam\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Jafar as-Sadiq\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jafar_as-Sadiq\">Jafar as-Sadiq<\/a>. Ismaili communities in Afghanistan are less populous than the Twelver who consider the Ismaili heretical. They are found primarily in and near the eastern\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Hazarajat\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hazarajat\">Hazarajat<\/a>, in the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Baghlan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baghlan\">Baghlan<\/a>\u00a0area north of the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Hindu Kush\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hindu_Kush\">Hindu Kush<\/a>, among the mountain Tajik of\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Badakhshan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Badakhshan\">Badakhshan<\/a>, and amongst the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Wakhi people\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wakhi_people\">Wakhi<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Wakhan Corridor\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wakhan_Corridor\">Wakhan Corridor<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">Ismaili are seen to follow their leaders uncritically. The pir or leader of Afghan Ismaili comes from the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Sayed Kayan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sayed_Kayan\">Sayyid family of Kayan<\/a>, located near\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Doshi\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doshi\">Doshi<\/a>, a small town at the northern foot of the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Salang Pass\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salang_Pass\">Salang Pass<\/a>, in western\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Baghlan Province\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baghlan_Province\">Baghlan Province<\/a>. During the 1980s Soviet war in Afghanistan this family acquired considerable political power. The\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Serena Hotel\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serena_Hotel\">Serena Hotel<\/a>\u00a0in Kabul is owned and operated by Ismailis.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"background-image:none;font-weight:normal;margin:0 0 .6em;overflow:hidden;padding-top:.5em;padding-bottom:.17em;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#aaaaaa;font-size:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939px;\"><span id=\"Ahmadiyya\" class=\"mw-headline\">Ahmadiyya<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded\" style=\"font-size:small;margin-left:1em;vertical-align:baseline;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\" style=\"margin-left:-.25em;margin-right:.25em;color:#555555;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">The\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Ahmadiyya\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ahmadiyya\">Ahmadiyya<\/a>\u00a0is considered a movement that began in the late 19th century by\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Mirza Ghulam Ahmad\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad\">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Qadian\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qadian\">Qadian<\/a>,\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"India\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/India\">India<\/a>. It was seen as\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Apostasy in Islam\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apostasy_in_Islam\">apostasy<\/a>\u00a0by most other Muslim groups, and accordingly only 12 years after Mirza Ghulam&#8217;s claim of mahdi-hood, a couple of Ahmadiyya members were stoned to death in Kabul during 1901 to 1903. Later in the 1920s, King\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Amanullah Khan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amanullah_Khan\">Amanullah Khan<\/a>\u00a0had several Ahmadiyya members forcibly reverted, and in 1924 affiliation with Ahmadiyya became a capital offense.<sup id=\"cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\" style=\"line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;white-space:nowrap;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"background-image:none;font-weight:normal;margin:0 0 .6em;overflow:hidden;padding-top:.5em;padding-bottom:.17em;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#aaaaaa;font-size:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939px;\"><span id=\"Sufis\" class=\"mw-headline\">Sufis<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rellink\" style=\"font-style:italic;padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:.5em;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\"><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">Three Sufi orders are prominent: the<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;\" title=\"Naqshbandiya\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naqshbandiya\">Naqshbandiya<\/a><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">founded in<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;\" title=\"Bukhara\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bukhara\">Bukhara<\/a><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">, the<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;\" title=\"Qadiriya\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qadiriya\">Qadiriya<\/a><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">founded in<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;\" title=\"Baghdad\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baghdad\">Baghdad<\/a><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">, and the<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;\" title=\"Cheshtiya\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cheshtiya\">Cheshtiya<\/a><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">located at Chesht-i-Sharif east of<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;\" title=\"Herat\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herat\">Herat<\/a><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">. Among the<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;\" title=\"Naqshbandi\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naqshbandi\">Naqshbandi<\/a><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">, Ahmad al Faruqi Kabuli, born north of Kabul, acquired renown for his teachings in<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;\" title=\"India\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/India\">India<\/a><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">during the reign of the<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;\" title=\"Moghul\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moghul\">Moghul<\/a><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">Emperor<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;\" title=\"Akbar\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akbar\">Akbar<\/a><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">in the sixteenth century. Another famous<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;\" title=\"Qadiriya\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qadiriya\">Qadiriya<\/a><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">pir named<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;\" title=\"Mawlana Faizani\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mawlana_Faizani\">Mawlana Faizani<\/a><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.80\n0000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">came to prominence in the 1960s and 1970s, and was a leading critic against the creeping influence of communist philosophy. Jailed in the mid-70s, Mawlana Faizani disappeared when the<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;\" title=\"Khalq\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khalq\">khalqis<\/a><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">came to power and remains missing to this day.<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">The\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Cheshtiya\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cheshtiya\">Cheshtiya<\/a>\u00a0order was founded by Mawdid al-Cheshti who was born in the twelfth century and later taught in India. The Cheshtiya brotherhood, concentrated in the\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Hari River, Afghanistan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hari_River,_Afghanistan\">Hari River valley<\/a>\u00a0around\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Obe (Afghanistan)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obe_(Afghanistan)\">Obe<\/a>,\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Karukh\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karukh\">Karukh<\/a>\u00a0and Chehst-i-Sharif, is very strong locally and maintains madrasas with fine libraries. Traditionally the Cheshtiya have kept aloof from politics, although they were effectively active during the resistance within their own organizations and in their own areas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">Herat and its environs has the largest number and greatest diversity of Sufi branches, many of which are connected with local tombs of pir (ziarat). Other Sufi groups are found all across the north, with important centers in\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Maimana\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maimana\">Maimana<\/a>,<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Faryab Province\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Faryab_Province\">Faryab Province<\/a>, and in\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Kunduz\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kunduz\">Kunduz<\/a>. The brotherhoods in Kabul and around Mazari Sharif are mostly associated with the Naqshbandiya. The Qadiriya are found mainly among the eastern\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Pushtun\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pushtun\">Pushtun<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Maidan Wardak Province\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maidan_Wardak_Province\">Wardak<\/a>,\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Paktia\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paktia\">Paktia<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Nangarhar\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nangarhar\">Nangarhar<\/a>, including many\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Ghilzai\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghilzai\">Ghilzai<\/a>\u00a0nomadic groups. Other smaller groups are settled in\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Kandahar\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kandahar\">Kandahar<\/a>\u00a0and in\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Shindand, Herat\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shindand,_Herat\">Shindand<\/a>,\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Farah Province\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Farah_Province\">Farah Province<\/a>. The Cheshtiya are centered in the Hari River valley. There are no formal Sufi orders among the Shi&#8217;a in the central Hazarajat, although some of the concepts are associated with\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Sayyid\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sayyid\">Sayyids<\/a>, descendants of the Prophet Mohammad, who are especially venerated among the Shi&#8217;a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">Afghanistan is unique in that there is little hostility between the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Ulema\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ulema\">ulama<\/a>\u00a0(religion scholars) and the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Sufi\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sufi\">Sufi<\/a>\u00a0orders. A number of Sufi leaders are considered as ulama, and many ulama closely associate with Sufi brotherhoods. The general populace accords Sufis respect for their learning and for possessing karamat, the psychic spiritual power conferred upon them by God that enables pirs to perform acts of generosity and bestow blessings (barakat). Sufism therefore is an effective popular force. In addition, since Sufi leaders distance themselves from the mundane, they are at times turned to as more disinterested mediators in tribal disputes in preference to mullahs who are reputed to escalate minor secular issues into volatile confrontations couched in Islamic rhetoric.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\">Despite the Afghan Sufis stable position in Afghan society, Sufi leaders were among those executed in 1978-1979 following the communist\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Saur Revolution\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saur_Revolution\">Saur Revolution<\/a>, among them\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Baha'uddin Jan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baha%27uddin_Jan\">Baha&#8217;uddin Jan<\/a>, the\u00a0<em>pir naqshbandi<\/em>\u00a0of the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Aym\u0101q\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aym%C4%81q\">Aimaq<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image\n:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Purchaman District\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Purchaman_District\">Purchaman District<\/a>,\u00a0<a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Farah Province\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Farah_Province\">Farah<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\" style=\"line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;white-space:nowrap;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:.4em 0 .5em;line-height:19.200000762939px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;\"><strong>A few masjids of Afghanistan<\/strong><\/p>\n<table class=\"wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter\" style=\"font-size:12.800000190735px;margin:1em 0;background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;\">\n<thead style=\"font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\n<tr>\n<th class=\"headerSort\" style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em 21px .2em .2em;background-color:#f2f2f2;text-align:center;background-image:url(&quot;\/wordpress\/image\/gif;%20base64,r0lgodlhfqajaiabaaaaaaaaach\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\/ehbhy2tldcblbmq9iniipz4b\/\/79\/pv6+fj39vx08\/lx8o\/u7ezr6uno5+bl5opi4edf3t3c29rz2nfw1dtt0thqz87nzmvkycjhxsxew8lbwl++vby7urm4t7a1tloysbcvrq2sq6qpqkempasjoqggn56dnjuamzixlpwuk5krki+ojyyliomih4afhiocgyb\/fn18e3p5ehd2dxrzcnfwb25tbgtqawhnzmvky2jhyf9exvxbwllyv1zvvfnsuvbptk1ms0pjsedgrurdqkfapz49pds6otg3nju0mzixmc8ulswrkikojyyljcmiisafhh0cgxozgbcwfrqteheqdw4ndaskcqghbgueawibaaah+qqbaaabacwaaaaafqajaaacf4ypgmsj2mj4vdkkrd4gvz5lypemivuaads=&quot;);cursor:pointer;background-position:100% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat no-repeat;\" title=\"Sort ascending\" align=\"left\" width=\"200px\">Name<\/th>\n<th class=\"unsortable\" style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;background-color:#f2f2f2;text-align:center;\" align=\"center\" width=\"160px\">Images<\/th>\n<th class=\"headerSort\" style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em 21px .2em .2em;background-color:#f2f2f2;text-align:center;background-image:url(&quot;\/wordpress\/image\/gif;%20base64,r0lgodlhfqajaiabaaaaaaaaach\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\/ehbhy2tldcblbmq9iniipz4b\/\/79\/pv6+fj39vx08\/lx8o\/u7ezr6uno5+bl5opi4edf3t3c29rz2nfw1dtt0thqz87nzmvkycjhxsxew8lbwl++vby7urm4t7a1tloysbcvrq2sq6qpqkempasjoqggn56dnjuamzixlpwuk5krki+ojyyliomih4afhiocgyb\/fn18e3p5ehd2dxrzcnfwb25tbgtqawhnzmvky2jhyf9exvxbwllyv1zvvfnsuvbptk1ms0pjsedgrurdqkfapz49pds6otg3nju0mzixmc8ulswrkikojyyljcmiisafhh0cgxozgbcwfrqteheqdw4ndaskcqghbgueawibaaah+qqbaaabacwaaaaafqajaaacf4ypgmsj2mj4vdkkrd4gvz5lypemivuaads=&quot;);cursor:pointer;background-position:100% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat no-repeat;\" title=\"Sort ascending\" align=\"left\" width=\"100px\">Province<\/th>\n<th class=\"headerSort\" style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em 21px .2em .2em;background-color:#f2f2f2;text-align:center;background-image:url(&quot;\/wordpress\/image\/gif;%20base64,r0lgodlhfqajaiabaaaaaaaaach\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\/ehbhy2tldcblbmq9iniipz4b\/\/79\/pv6+fj39vx08\/lx8o\/u7ezr6uno5+bl5opi4edf3t3c29rz2nfw1dtt0thqz87nzmvkycjhxsxew8lbwl++vby7urm4t7a1tloysbcvrq2sq6qpqkempasjoqggn56dnjuamzixlpwuk5krki+ojyyliomih4afhiocgyb\/fn18e3p5ehd2dxrzcnfwb25tbgtqawhnzmvky2jhyf9exvxbwllyv1zvvfnsuvbptk1ms0pjsedgrurdqkfapz49pds6otg3nju0mzixmc8ulswrkikojyyljcmiisafhh0cgxozgbcwfrqteheqdw4ndaskcqghbgueawibaaah+qqbaaabacwaaaaafqajaaacf4ypgmsj2mj4vdkkrd4gvz5lypemivuaads=&quot;);cursor:pointer;background-position:100% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat no-repeat;\" title=\"Sort ascending\" align=\"left\" width=\"100px\">City<\/th>\n<th class=\"headerSort\" style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em 21px .2em .2em;background-color:#f2f2f2;text-align:center;background-image:url('image\/gif; base64,r0lgodlhfqajaiabaaaaaaaaach\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\nuq9inhtcc5kawq6mde4mdexnzqwnziwnjgxmtg4qzzerji3qtewoee0mkuilz4gpc9yzgy6rgvzy3jpchrpb24+idwvcmrmoljerj4gpc94onhtcg1ldge+idw\/ehbhy2tldcblbmq9iniipz4b\/\/79\/pv6+fj39vx08\/lx8o\/u7ezr6uno5+bl5opi4edf3t3c29rz2nfw1dtt0thqz87nzmvkycjhxsxew8lbwl++vby7urm4t7a1tloysbcvrq2sq6qpqkempasjoqggn56dnjuamzixlpwuk5krki+ojyyliomih4afhiocgyb\/fn18e3p5ehd2dxrzcnfwb25tbgtqawhnzmvky2jhyf9exvxbwllyv1zvvfnsuvbptk1ms0pjsedgrurdqkfapz49pds6otg3nju0mzixmc8ulswrkikojyyljcmiisafhh0cgxozgbcwfrqteheqdw4ndaskcqghbgueawibaaah+qqbaaabacwaaaaafqajaaacf4ypgmsj2mj4vdkkrd4gvz5lypemivuaads=');cursor:pointer;background-position:100% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat no-repeat;\" title=\"Sort ascending\" align=\"left\" width=\"050px\">Year<\/th>\n<th class=\"unsortable\" style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;background-color:#f2f2f2;text-align:center;\" align=\"left\" width=\"250px\">Remarks<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody style=\"font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.800000190735px;line-height:19.200000762939px;\">\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Abdul Rahman Mosque\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abdul_Rahman_Mosque\">Abdul Rahman Mosque<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a class=\"image\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Abdul_Rahman_Mosque_in_March_2010.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border:none;vertical-align:middle;\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7a\/Abdul_Rahman_Mosque_in_March_2010.jpg\/160px-Abdul_Rahman_Mosque_in_March_2010.jpg\" alt=\"Abdul Rahman Mosque in March 2010.jpg\" width=\"160\" height=\"106\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Kabul Province\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kabul_Province\">Kabul Province<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Kabul\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kabul\">Kabul<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\">2009<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\">Largest mosque in Afghanistan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Shrine of the Cloak\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shrine_of_the_Cloak\">Friday Mosque of Kandahar<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\">\n<div class=\"floatnone\"><a class=\"image\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mosque_in_Kandahar.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border:none;vertical-align:middle;\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e8\/Mosque_in_Kandahar.jpg\/160px-Mosque_in_Kandahar.jpg\" alt=\"Mosque in Kandahar.jpg\" width=\"160\" height=\"107\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Kandahar Province\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kandahar_Province\">Kandahar Province<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Kandahar\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kandahar\">Kandahar<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\">1750<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Friday Mosque of Herat\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Friday_Mosque_of_Herat\">Friday Mosque of Herat<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a class=\"image\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Friday_Mosque_in_Herat,_Afghanistan.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border:none;vertical-align:middle;\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bd\/Friday_Mosque_in_Herat%2C_Afghanistan.jpg\/160px-Friday_Mosque_in_Herat%2C_Afghanistan.jpg\" alt=\"Friday Mosque in Herat, Afghanistan.jpg\" width=\"160\" height=\"106\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Herat Province\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herat_Province\">Herat Province<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Herat\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herat\">Herat<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\">13th century<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Shrine of Hazrat Ali\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shrine_of_Hazrat_Ali\">Shrine of Hazrat Ali<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a class=\"image\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mazar-e_sharif_-_Steve_Evans.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border:none;vertical-align:middle;\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Mazar-e_sharif_-_Steve_Evans.jpg\/160px-Mazar-e_sharif_-_Steve_Evans.jpg\" alt=\"Mazar-e sharif - Steve Evans.jpg\" width=\"160\" height=\"115\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Balkh Province\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balkh_Province\">Balkh Province<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Mazar-i-Sharif\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mazar-i-Sharif\">Mazar-i-Sharif<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\">\u00a0?<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\">Mosque of Jalalabad<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a class=\"image\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Jalalabad_minarets.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border:none;vertical-align:middle;\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9d\/Jalalabad_minarets.jpg\/160px-Jalalabad_minarets.jpg\" alt=\"Jalalabad minarets.jpg\" width=\"160\" height=\"107\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Nangarhar Province\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nangarhar_Province\">Nangarhar Province<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color\n:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Jalalabad\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jalalabad\">Jalalabad<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\">\u00a0?<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Lashkar Gah Mosque\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lashkar_Gah_Mosque\">Lashkar Gah Mosque<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a class=\"image\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Lashkargah_Mosque.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border:none;vertical-align:middle;\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/d\/db\/Lashkargah_Mosque.jpg\/160px-Lashkargah_Mosque.jpg\" alt=\"Lashkargah Mosque.jpg\" width=\"160\" height=\"110\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Helmand Province\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helmand_Province\">Helmand Province<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Lashkar Gah\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lashkar_Gah\">Lashkar Gah<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\">\u00a0?<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Khost Mosque\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khost_Mosque\">Khost Mosque<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a class=\"image\" style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Khost_Mosque.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border:none;vertical-align:middle;\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/48\/Khost_Mosque.jpg\/160px-Khost_Mosque.jpg\" alt=\"Khost Mosque.jpg\" width=\"160\" height=\"120\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Khost Province\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khost_Province\">Khost Province<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\"><a style=\"text-decoration:none;color:#0b0080;background-image:none;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial;\" title=\"Khost\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khost\">Khost<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\">\u00a0?<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:.2em;\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:17.90625px;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Afghanistan has been in the news recently because of the War on Terror, Osama Bin Laden, Tribal wars and Opium production. But Afghanistan is a diverse country with a rich heritage. It is so much more than what has been seen in the news. It has gotten a very bad reputation for the events over&hellip; <br \/> <a class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/venusimportexport.com\/wordpress\/index.php\/2013\/09\/09\/islam-in-afghanistan\/\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1393","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-islam"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/venusimportexport.com\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1393","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/venusimportexport.com\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/venusimportexport.com\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/venusimportexport.com\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/venusimportexport.com\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1393"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/venusimportexport.com\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1393\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/venusimportexport.com\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1393"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/venusimportexport.com\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1393"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/venusimportexport.com\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1393"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}